Table : List of Bolting Specifications

Applicable ASTM Specifications (Notes 15)

	Spec. No.	Grade	Notes
High Strength ( Note (2))	A193	B7	…
	A193	B16	…
	A320	L7	(10)
	A320	L7A	(10)
	A320	L7B	(10)
	A320	L7C	(10)
	A320	L43	(10)
	A354	BC	…
	A354	BD	…
	A540	B21	…
	A540	B22	…
	A540	B23	…
	A540	B24	…
Intermediate Strength ( Note (3))	A193	B5	…
	A193	B6	…
	A193	B6X	…
	A193	B7M	…
	A193	B8 CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8C CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8M CI.2	(11)
	A193	B8T CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8 CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8C CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8F CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8M CI.2	(11)
	A320	B8T CI.2	(11)
	A449	…	(13)
	A453	651	(14)
	A453	660	(14)
Low Strength ( Note (4))	A193	B8 CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8C CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8M CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8T CI.1	(6)
	A193	B8A	(6)
	A193	B8CA	(6)
	A193	B8MA	(6)
	A193	B8TA	(6)
	A307	B	(12)
	A320	B8 CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8C CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8M CI.1	(6)
	A320	B8T CI.1	(6)
Nickel And Special Alloy (Note (5))	B164	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B166	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B335	N10665	(7)
	B408	…	(7)(8)(9)
	B473	…	(7)
	B574	N10276	(7)

GENERAL NOTE: Bolting material shall not be used beyond temperature limits specified in the governing code.

NOTES:

(1) Repair welding of bolting material is prohibited.

(2) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets.

(3) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials and gaskets, provided it has been verified that a sealed joint can be maintained under rated working pressure and temperature.

(4) These bolting materials may be used with all listed materials but are limited to Classes 150 and 300 joints. See for required gasket practices.

(5) These materials may be used as bolting with comparable nickel and special alloy parts.

(6) This austenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated but not strain hardened. Use A 194 nuts of corresponding material.

(7) Nuts may be machined from the same material or may be of a compatible grade of ASTM A 194.

(8) Maximum operating temperature is arbitrarily set at 5OO”F, unless material has been annealed, solution annealed or hot finished because hard temper adversely affects design stress in the creep rupture range.

(9) Forging quality not permitted unless the producer last heating or working these parts tests them as required for other permitted conditions in the same specification and certifies their final tensile, yield, and elongation properties to equal or exceed the requirements for one of the other permitted conditions.

(10) This ferritic material is intended for low temperature service. Use A 194 Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts.

(11) This austenitic stainless material has been carbide solution treated and strain hardened. Use A 194 nuts of corresponding material.

(12) This carbon steel fastener shall not be used above 400°F or below -20°F. See also Note (4). Bolts with drilled or undersized heads shall not be used.

(13) Acceptable nuts for use with quenched and tempered bolts are A 194 Grades 2 and 2H. Mechanical property requirements for studs shall be the same as those for bolts.

(14) This special alloy is intended for high temperature service with austenitic stainless steel.

(15) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II materials, which also meet the requirements of the listed ASTM specifications, may also be used.
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Explosive Limit

The explosive limit, also called the explosion limit, of a gas or a vapour, is the limiting concentration (on air) that is needed for the gas to ignite and explode. There are two explosive limits for any gas or vapor, the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL). At concentrations in air below the LEL there is not enough fuel to continue an explosion; at concentrations above the UEL the fuel has displaced so much air that there is not enough oxygen to begin a reaction. Concentrations of explosive gases are often given in terms of percent of lower explosive limit (%LEL).

Controlling gas and vapor concentrations outside the explosive limits is a major consideration in occupational safety and health. Methods used to control the concentration of a potentially explosive gas or vapor include use of sweep gas, an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon to dilute the explosive gas before coming in contact with air.

Use of scrubbers or adsorption resins to remove explosive gases before release are also common. Gases can also be maintained safely at concentrations above the UEL, although a breach in the storage container can lead to explosive conditions or intense fires. The explosive limits of some gases and vapors are given below. Concentrations are given in percent by volume of air.

Temperature Limits for Common Metals

here is a table of temperature limits for common metals. it's useful and give you a choice when design a pipeline depend on a budget.