Valve and Glossary (3)

Lantern ring: A spacer ring used in the lantern ring type of packing chamber to permit lubrication of the packing, purging of the shaft or stem, or a leak-off system.

Leak-off connection: A pipe or tube connected to a hole in the stuffing box at the level of lantern ring. It is used to collect leakage past a lower set of lantern ring–type of packing or to inject lubricant into the stuffing box.

Linear-flow characteristics: A flow characteristic of the valve when the flow is directly proportional to the position of the flow control element.

Liner: Lining of protective materials applied on the inside surfaces of valve body (or valve trim) to enhance resistance to corrosion, erosion, or contamination.

Nonreturn valve: Stop-check valve, a check valve in which the closure member can be mechanically closed.

Nonrising stem: Refer to Inside screw, nonrising stem (ISNRS).

Outside-screw-and-yoke (OS&Y): A valve design in which the threaded portion of the stem is outside the pressure boundary of the valve. The valve bonnet has a yoke, which holds a nut through which the rotating stem rises as the valve is opened.

The stem part inside the valve is smooth and is sealed so that stem threads are isolated from the flow medium.

Pilot operated pressure relief valve: A pressure-relief valve in which the major relieving device is combined with and controlled by a self-actuated auxiliary pressure-relief valve.

Port: See bore.

Power actuated pressure-relief valve: A pressure-relief valve in which the major relieving device is combined and controlled by a device requiring an external source of energy.

Quarter-turn valve: A valve whose closure member rotates approximately a quarter turn (90^o) to move from full-open to full-closed position.

Reduced port: Valve port smaller than the inside diameter of the end-connecting pipe. It is approximately equal to the inside diameter of the one pipe size smaller than the end size for gate valves, and 60 percent of full bore on ball valves.

Regular port: A valve port smaller than the full bore, approximately 75 to 90 percent of full bore on ball valves and 60 to 70 percent on plug valves.

Relief valve: A pressure-relief valve actuated by inlet static pressure and having a gradual lift generally proportional to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure (set pressure).

Rotary motion valve: A valve that involves a quarter-turn motion to open or close the valve closure element.

Rupture disc: A non closing pressure-relief device actuated by inlet static pressure and designed to function by the bursting of a pressure-containing disc.

Safety-relief valve: A pressure-relief valve characterized by rapid opening pop action, or by opening generally proportional to the increase in pressure over the opening pressure.

Safety valve: A pressure-relief valve actuated by inlet static pressure and characterized by rapid opening or pop action.

Seat: The portion of the valve against which the closure member presses to effect shutoff.

Seat ring: A separate piece inserted in the valve body to form a seat against which the valve-closure member engages to effect shut-off.

Set pressure: The inlet static pressure of the system at which a relief valve starts to open, or safety valve pops open.

Short pattern valve: A valve that has face-to-face or end-to-end dimension for a short pattern design according to standard ASME B16.10.

Steam working pressure (SWP): The maximum rated or working pressure corresponding to the steam temperature that must not be exceeded when valve is used in steam service. It is marked with S, SP, or SWP on the valve.

Stroke: The amount of travel the valve-closure member is capable of from a fully closed position to a fully open position or vice versa. In linear-motion valves it is expressed in in (mm) and in degrees, 0 to 90, for rotary motion valves.

Throttling: The process of regulating the fluid flow rate or pressure by controlling the position of the closure member between the full-open and full-closed positions.

Trim: Functional parts of a valve which are exposed to the line fluid. Usually refers to the stem, closure member and, seating surfaces. The removable or replaceable valve metal internal parts that come in contact with the flow medium are collectively known as valve trim. Valve parts such as body, bonnet, yoke, and similar items are not considered trim.

Venturi port: A valve bore or port that is substantially smaller than the full port, approximately 40 to 50 percent of full port. It is normally found in plug valves.

Wafer body: A valve body that has a short face-to-face dimension in relation to pipeline diameter and is designed to be installed between two flanges using special length studs and nuts.

Wedge: A gate valve–closure member with inclined sealing surfaces which come in contact with valve-seating surfaces that are inclined to the stem centerline. Wedge is available in solid, split, and flex designs.

Yoke: That part of the valve assembly used to position the stem nut or to mount the valve actuator.

Yoke bushing, yoke nut: Yoke nut, yoke bushing, or stem nut is the valve part that is held in a recess at the top of the yoke through which the stem passes. It converts rotary-actuating effort into thrust on the valve stem.


Weldless Stainless Steel Ball Valve and Spigot

Valve and Glossary (2)

Cavitation: This occurs when the fluid pressure at the vena contract a falls below the vapor pressure, followed by pressure recovery above the vapor pressure. The pressure below vapor pressure causes vapor bubbles to form, which then collapse as the pressure recovers. Collapsing bubbles can cause erosion of valve and downstream pipe metal surfaces. The phenomena of fluid pressure falling below and recovering above vapor pressure, combined with forming and collapsing of bubbles, is termed cavitation.

Chatter: Abnormal rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a pressure relief valve in which the disc contacts the seat.

Choked flow: When the flow rate cannot be increased even if the downstream pressure is decreased. In liquid applications, it is caused by vapor bubbles, formed by cavitation or flashing, choking the flow passage. In the case of gases, choked flow is caused when the flow velocity reaches sonic proportions and a reduction in downstream pressure cannot increase the gas flow.

Closing pressure: The pressure equal to the valve of decreasing inlet static pressure at which the valve disc reestablishes contact with the seat or at which lift becomes zero.

Coefficient of discharge: The ratio of the measured relieving capacity to the theoretical relieving capacity of a pressure-relief valve.

Coefficient of flow: The flow rate that passes through the fully open valve at unit pressure differential. It is measured in gal (3.8 liters) per minute of 60^oF (16^oC) water with 1 psi (6.9 kPa) pressure differential. It is also referred to as flow coefficient or valve coefficient.

Cold working pressure (CWP): This is the maximum flow-medium pressure at the ambient temperature to which the valve may be subjected during normal service.

This is also referred to as water-oil-gas (WOG) rating.

Control valve: A valve serving as a control element in a system, providing means for varying the rate of flow of the fluid passing through the valve.

Cracking pressure: The upstream fluid pressure at which a closed check valve starts to open and allow the flow through the valve.

Cryogenic valve: A valve used in applications with fluid temperatures below -50^oF (-45^oC). A cryogenic valve is provided with an extended stem contained in an extension tube so that the valve packing and operator remain at ambient temperature when the cryogenic fluid is in the valve body. The valve is oriented so that the packing is at a higher elevation than the valve body. It allows a vapor-gas pocket to form inside the extension tube, thereby making the extension tube more effective at insulating the packing from cryogenic fluid cold temperature.

Disc: The part of the valve which is positioned in the flow stream to permit or to obstruct flow, depending on closure position. In specific designs, it may also be called a wedge, plug, ball, gate, or other functionally similar expression. In international standards it is referred to as obturator.

Double-disc: A two-piece disc or two separate discs that mate with two seating surfaces. Double discs are used in some designs of gate valves.

Double-seated valve: A valve with two separate seating surfaces that come in contact with two separate seating surfaces of a disc or a double disc.

Flow characteristic: Defines the relationship between the Flow Coefficient and the valve stroke.

Flow coefficient: See Coefficient of flow.

Flow control element: The part of the valve that allows, stops, obstructs, and controls the fluid flow through the valve. See Disc.

Fugitive emission: The amount of leakage of hazardous and toxic flow medium (fluids) from a valve to the environment.

Full bore: When valve bore (port) is approximately of the same size as the inside diameter of the connecting pipe, it is called full bore (full port).

Fully stellited: A valve is termed fully stellited when seating surfaces of the valve seat(s) and the disc(s) are hard faced with wear and corrosion-resistant material (Stellite or other such material).

Half stellited: A valve is termed half stellited when only the seating surfaces of the valve seat(s) are hard faced with wear and corrosion-resistant material (Stellite or other such material).

Hard facing: Application or deposit of hard, wear, and corrosion-resistant material on soft surfaces subject to wear.

Inside screw–nonrising stem (ISNRS): Threads on the stem are inside the valve body. The valve disc travels up and down the stem threads when the stem is rotated.

Stem does not rise.

Inside screw–rising stem (ISRS): Threads on the stem are inside the valve body and exposed to the flow medium. The stem rises when it is rotated, thus opening the valve. Position of the stem indicates the position of the valve disc.

Iron body–bronze mounted (IBBM): A valve having cast iron body and bronze trim.


Hydraulic Gates and Valves in Free Surface Flow and Submerged Outlets, 2nd edition

Valve and Glossary

Valves are an essential part of any piping system that conveys liquids, gases, vapors, slurries and mixtures of liquid, and gaseous phases of various flow media. Starting with primitive means for stopping, allowing, or diverting water-flow from a source through shallow or deep channels, such as wooden or stone wedges stuck between the edges of a water passage, man has developed several different types of simple and sophisticated valve designs. Different types of valves include: gate, globe, check, ball, plug, butterfly, diaphragm, pinch, pressure relief, and control valves. Each of these types has several categories and designs, each offering different features and functional capabilities. Some valves are self-actuated while others are manually operated or have actuators that are powered with electric motors, are pneumatic or hydraulic, or a combination to operate the valve. Valves are manufactured with metals and nonmetals. Valves are used in industrial piping systems, transportation and distribution pipelines, building services piping, civic facilities, and irrigation piping systems. The piping systems of industrial, commercial, residential, and other civic facilities carry the lifeblood of modern civilization, like arteries and veins. And the valves in those piping systems serve the functions of allowing, stopping, regulating, and controlling the flow, to fulfill the intended objectives of the system.

When fluid pressure builds up beyond a set limit, the valves relieve the overpressure to safeguard the integrity of the piping system or a component. Valves help in maintaining or breaking a vacuum. Valves also assist in maintaining the pressure or temperature of the flow medium within the desired range or limit. In order to select a suitable valve for a particular application, the user must evaluate the valve characteristics, including the design features, materials of construction, and performance, in light of specific application requirements: flow medium, process design requirements, piping design criteria, and economic factors. This chapter provides a brief discussion of topics considered in the selection and application of commonly used valves.

Actuator: A device that operates a valve by utilizing electricity, pneumatics, hydraulics, or a combination of one or more of these energies. Sometimes actuators are referred to as operators. In this chapter, the word operator will be used for a person who operates any equipment, machine, plant, or system.

Ambient conditions: The pressure and temperature of the environment surrounding a valve.

Backflow: The flow that occurs in the opposite direction of the normal or expected fluid flow.

Back pressure: The static pressure existing at the outlet of a pressure-relief device due to pressure in the discharge system.

Backseat: A seat on the bonnet or bonnet bushing which contacts a corresponding seating surface of the stem or disc holder when the stem is fully retracted. It provides a seal between the stem and the inside of the bonnet. It prevents leakage of flow medium and allows replacement of valve packing while the valve is open and under pressure.

Block-and-bleed valve: A valve with two seating surfaces which provide simultaneous blockage of flow from both valve ends, and means for draining or venting the cavity between the seating surfaces. When the valve is closed (blocked) the drain is opened, allowing the trapped fluid between the seats to drain (bleed).

Block valve: A valve that is used to start or stop the flow. It is also referred to as an on-off valve.

Blowdown: The difference between the set pressure and the disc-reseating pressure of a pressure-relief valve, which is expressed as a percentage of the set pressure.

Blowdown valve: A valve used to release the pressurized contents of a pressure vessel or piping.

Bonnet: A valve body closure component that contains an opening for the stem.

Bore: The diameter of the smallest opening through a valve. It is also called port.

Bubble tight: A valve is termed bubble tight when the upstream side of the valve is pressurized with air and the downstream side is filled with water and no air bubbles are detected on the downstream side with the valve in fully closed position.

Bypass: A piping loop provided to permit flow around the flow control element (disc, plug, etc.) of a valve in its closed position. A stop valve installed in the bypass loop is called the bypass valve.


Valve Handbook (McGraw-Hill Handbooks)

Keyword Quality Test at Home Blog

Quality optimization in a keyword search engines would have varied, depending on the type of search engine, keywords, and the efforts made to optimize (SEO). One effort that many bloggers do is to optimize on these web pages (SEO on page). 

I will only introduce interesting and simple tools on SEO on this page. This tool is a facility of www.instantposition.com, for more details you can also use the premium features, would have to spend your dollars. A simple course for free, and you please try it. 
How to use it: 

- Visit www.instantposition.com

- Enter the URL of the web / blog you are going to test 

- Input specific keywords you want to know from the blog / website you 

- click submit
Exposure information available shows the performance of keyword descriptions before the search engines. On the right side when the show made EXCELLENT (green) then it is special for keywords in the web / blog. In other words, the more towards the right (clockwise) direction arrows, the better the quality of your keywords will be tested. 

If there is exposure that appeared in red letters then this is a sign of recommendations about the things you need to correct, some of you please take a look note and applied. 

Once again this is a mere aid, but if you want to always post with due regard to SEO is the existence of this tool if properly controlled it will be very useful.

How to Put the Keyword in Article Blog

Keyword is the essence of the content written on a blog. Keyword is a magnet to attract the visitors who use search engines, this is because surfers (netter) will be led through a specific keyword and the center was looking for. 

Keyword, after you research process to find the right then the immediate challenge awaits meets this demand is how to put those keywords appropriate place of writing / article. So that it contributes to your blog can be more optimally indexed by Google. 

Keyword optimization existence we can each article, then automatically the more we give entrance to users who are surfing the internet looking for something. 

Keyword after exactly obtained, but if you do not understand very well where the keywords that will be placed are then this will more useless for your blog traffic. To have good keywords can bring benefit to your blog then follow a few ways to put keywords in your blog: 
- Put keywords in the title of the article / posting writings 

- Put the keyword in the head tags to posts. 

- Put the keyword at the beginning of the first paragraph 

- For important keywords and key to the Bold 

Hopefully keywords from your blog can be managed well as an important asset to increase your Traffic from Blog.

Pregnancy By Trimester

Fetal Growth at the end of the (A) third, (B) sixth, (C) ninth month, and (D) just before birth

1st Trimester (Weeks 1-12)

During the first trimester, a woman may not even know she is pregnant. The first sign of pregnancy that she may encounter is her missed period. At this point she should take a pregnancy test to confirm that she is pregnant. After her missed period a woman may begin to experience the emotional aspects of the pregnancy such as mood swings and exhaustion. These emotional changes are usually accompanied by physical changes such as morning sickness, an increase in breast size and tenderness, and a decrease in sexual desire. There is considerable variability in the ways women experience these things.

Not only does the mother go through multiple changes during the first trimester, the baby does as well. By the end of the twelfth week the baby's bones have begun to ossify, and the eyes and ears have formed. The baby's external genitalia will begin to form, but they will not be complete until well into the second trimester. By the end of the first trimester, a woman should be able to listen to her baby's heart beat.

2nd Trimester (Weeks 13-26)

The second trimester is a little bit more difficult for the mother than the first. Although a lot of the physical symptoms present during the first trimester —tenderness of the breasts, morning sickness, and cramping—have started to go away during the second trimester, there are a few new physical changes that the mother will experience. She will start to notice that her belly is growing and she is starting to look more like a pregnant woman. She will start to feel the baby moving, and may even begin to have some Braxton-Hicks contractions. . Braxton-Hicks contractions are relatively painless contractions experienced throughout pregnancy that are not associated with going into labor. A woman usually experiences more Braxton-Hicks contractions as her pregnancy progresses. The mother will also notice that she has to go to the bathroom more often and her heart is beating more rapidly. She may also begin to have heartburn. These are all very common and normal symptoms of pregnancy, hence there is no cause for concern. The mother will probably still have mood swings during this period, but they are not as severe as in the first and third trimesters.

By the end of the second trimester the baby will be moving around in the amniotic fluid, and the baby will begin breathing. Eyebrows, fat deposits, and gender are visible in an ultrasound, and fingers, toes, and teeth are growing nicely.

3rd Trimester (Weeks 27-42)

The third trimester is usually the hardest of the three trimesters for the woman. Most women begin to feel very uncomfortable because the uterus is growing rapidly. They continue to have the Braxton-Hicks contractions, and most women start to get continuous backaches. The fact that they are so uncomfortable and have such painful back problems makes it hard for many women to sleep during this period. This adds to their exhaustion and mood swings. The heartburn usually continues during the third trimester, so women should watch what they eat during these three months. Also, most women will start to experience some droplets of fluid coming from their nipples. This is normal when a woman is close to the end of her pregnancy and she is ready to start breast-feeding.

The third trimester is also one of the more uncomfortable trimesters for the baby. The space in the uterus becomes cramped as the baby grows and the mother will notice more sharp movements. The baby will also begin to turn upside down in the uterus. The baby's eyes will start to function better, and he or she will be able to sense changes in light. All the parts of the baby, including the hair and fingernails, continue to grow and develop. By the end of the third trimester the baby will be ready for life outside his or her mother's uterus.

All of the symptoms and changes mentioned above are natural and expected for a pregnant woman and her fetus. If you are pregnant and are experiencing abnormal abdominal pains or cramps, spotting, or extremely intensified versions of the symptoms described above, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. You should also make sure to get regular examinations during the entirety of your pregnancy.

Tools to find someone in Online

Looking for online people who can now more easily, just type the name into google search and follow the link provided. for most people, facebook is one powerful way, blog or even email that can be used for the search key. but the Google search for some people do not do not always provide maximum results, because the possibility of a name search is a very common name. so here tools needed a little better than a Google search for the needs of people who search online 

www.123people.com 

123peopple a good start when you are looking for people who online. you can start typing the name, last name, phone number, email address, website, document, and others, these tools also generate a search for common names, and in addition the name of which refers to someone famous. weakness is the number of data to view search the people with more specific data you are looking for. 

http://pipl.com 

Pipl is a free tool, although it is not free to access some records for a search results from several sites, Pipl generate data addresses and phone numbers better, with links that lead to public records, online information, and some other important information. The most useful thing on Pipl is the ability to search for a specific city, or postal country code. if you know the geographic location of the person you are looking for, you can search directly on the filter 

www.yoname.com 

If you believe that you are looking for people who have a profile on one social networking site, good tools are used YoName. search from YoName covering almost all the social networking sites available. from large sites such as Myspace, facebook to Webshot. 

www.zoominfo.com 

Zoom More specializes in job search by filtering search results based on the work, and employees. These tools also provide the "contact this person", but requires you to register before you can use. after the free trial, to use that button, should be at a cost of $ 99 per month. 

www.jobster.com 

Jobster is more focused on job search, Jobster also offers tools to search for something as individuals. in most cases, Jobsterr used by employees or job seekers to find employment - which produces some contact information that can help your search. 

Inmate Search 

Tools this one is a bit unique. for more focus on inmate searches, so you can find your name in the search results: D. although less beautiful graphics, but the site consists of a number of the contact information to find the system of government in terms of prisoner searches as well as the federal system. if you know the origin of the country you are looking for, the result will be faster. 

www.intelius.com 

To access all the available information from Intelius, you are asked untukmembayar fee. This site offers everything from phone numbers to check the background of a complete person and of course other important information.

Indonesia-English Law Dictionary (7)

Bahasa Indonesia	English
Partai GOLKAR	Golkar Party
PDS (Partai Damai Sejahtera)	Prosperous Peace Party
Partai Kesatuan Pembangunan	United Development Party
Partai Bintang Reformasi (PBR)	The Reform Star Party
Pembuat UU	Law Makers
Konstitusi	Constitution
Hukum Konstitusi	Constitutional Law
Pembayar Pajak	Tax Payers
Mengubah lewat suatu prosedur	Amendment
Kapolri	National Police Chief
BIN (Badan Intelejen Negara)	State Intelligent Agency
DIRJEN PAJAK	The Directorate General Of Taxation
Audit Pajak	Tax Audit
Pembayaran Pajak	Tax Payments
Menghindari	Evasion
KPK (Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi)	Corruption Eradication Commission
Korban	Victim
Program Perlindungan Saksi	Witness Protection Program
Saksi	Witness
Didakwa	Convict
Bukti	Evidence
Sengketa	dispute
LBH	Legal Affairs Agency/Legal Aid institution
Berita Acara	Official Report
Berita Acara Pengadilan	Documents bearing on the case Documents bearing on a case
Permohonan Kredit	Loan appraisal
Permohonan Paten	Patent Application
Permohonan Grasi	Petition Of Mercy
Mengajukan Surat Permohonan	Filed a Petition
Dengan permohonan	pleadingly
Surat Keputusan/Ketetapan	Decree
Wakil Rakyat	People Representative
Menduga,menyatakan tanpa bukti	Alleged
Pembuat Undang-Undang	Legislators
Konstitusi	Constituents
Penyalahunaan wewenang	Abusers
SMEs (Usaha/Perusahaan Kecil dan Menengah)	Small And Medium Enterprises

Indonesia-English Law Dictionary (6)

Bahasa Indonesia	English
Menteri Kehutanan	Minister Of Forest Tree
Menteri Hukum Dan Ham	Justice and Human Rights Ministrer
Menteri Koordinator Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan	The Coordinating, Minister For Politics, Legal and Security Affairs
Menteri Kesehatan	Minister Of Health
Kementrian Kehutanan	Forest Tree Ministry
Menteri Pertanian	Minister Of Agriculture
Kementrian Perhubungan	Transportation Ministry
Kementrian Kesehatan	Health Ministry
MPR (Majelis Permusyaratan Rakyat)	People’s Consultative Assembly
DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat)	House Of Representatives
DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah)	Regional Representative Counsil
Perdana Menteri	Prime Minister
RUPS Tahunan	Annual General Meeting Of Share Holders
Undangan Kepada	Invitation To
Kantor Pajak	Tax Office
Indonesian Archipelago	Wawasan Kepulauan Indonesia, Wawasan Nusantara
Investasi	Invesment
Investor	Investor
Pindah dari satu tempah/Wilayah ke tempat/Wilayah lain	Migrant
Kata Kerja mengekspresikan makan, lari dll	Verb
Kata yang menunjukan manusia, tempat, aktivitas kualitas atau Barang	Noun
Orang yang memakai kekuatan dalam hal mencapai tujuannya	Militant
Juru Bicara	Spokes Man
Celah Hukum	Legal Loopholes
Kandidat	Candidates
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat	NGO (Known Government Organization)
Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB)	National Awakening Party
Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN)	National Mandate Party
Partai Demokrat	Democratic Party
KPU (Komisi Pemilihan Umum)	Election Commission
Ketua	Chair Man
Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS)	Prosperous Justice Party