Grade Identification Marks and Mechanical Properties of Bolts and Screws

Grade Marks and Material Properties for Bolts and Screws. Bolts, screws, and other fasteners are marked on the head with a symbol that identifies the grade of the fastener.

The grade specification establishes the minimum mechanical properties that the fastener must meet. Additionally, industrial fasteners must be stamped with a registered head mark that identifies the manufacturer. The grade identification table identifies the grade markings and gives mechanical properties for some commonly used ASTM and SAE steel fasteners. Metric fasteners are identified by property grade marks, which are specified in ISO and SAE standards. These marks are discussed with metric fasteners.

Refer to:

26th Edition Machinery’s Handbook

BY ERIK OBERG, FRANKLIN D. JONES, HOLBROOK L. HORTON, AND HENRY H. RYFFEL

2000, INDUSTRIAL PRESS INC., NEW YORK.

Graphic Relationship SI Unit

this graphic very helpful to determine where is a SI unit come from.

OIL & GAS GLOSSARY

Appraisal well : Drilled after the discovery of oil or gas to establish the limits of the reservoir, the productivity of wells in it and the properties of the oil and gas.

Barrel : A unit of volume measurement used for petroleum and its products (7.3 barrels = 1 ton: 6.29 barrels = 1 cubic meter).

Blow-out : Accidental escape of oil and gas from a well during the drilling stage.

Compressor : An engine used to increase the pressure of natural gas so that it will flow more quickly through a pipeline.

Decommissioning : A removal of production equipment and facilities from depleted oil fields.

Development well : Drilled to produce oil and gas after an appraisal well has proved the reserves sufficiently large for exploitation.

Down hole : A term used to describe tools, equipment and instruments used in the well bore, or conditions or techniques applying to the well bore.

Downstream : The refining, distribution and marketing of petroleum products.

Exploration drilling : Drilling carried out to determine whether hydrocarbons are present in a particular area or structure.

FPSO : Floating production storage and offloading.

Exploration phase : Covers the search for oil or gas by carrying out detailed geological and geophysical surveys followed up by exploratory drilling.

M BOE : Million barrels oil equivalent.

Midstream : Refers to industry activities that fall between upstream and downstream activities. Most often applied to pipeline transportation of crude oil and natural gas.

Mud : A mixture of base substance and additives used to lubricate the drill bit.

Operator : Company that has legal authority to drill wells and undertake production of hydrocarbons.

Platform : Fixed structure resting on the seabed or piled into it from which development wells are drilled, to exploit an oil or gas field.

Plateau level : The level of peak production reached by an oil or gas field.

Tour : Work shift of a drilling crew, usually pronounced as though it were spelled t-o-w-e-r.

UKCS : UK Continental Shelf.

Upstream : The exploration for, and extraction of, crude oil and natural gas.

Wildcat : Speculative exploration well drilled in search of a new oil or gas accumulation.